Did Climate Change Make Farming Necessary

The traditional understanding of the history of agriculture begins in the ancient Near East and Southwest Asia, about 10,000 years ago, but it has its roots in the climatic changes at the tail end of the Upper Paleolithic, called the Epipaleolithic, about 10,000 years earlier. It has to be said that recent archaeological and climate studies suggest that the process may have been slower and begun earlier than 10,000 years ago and may well have been much more widespread than in the near east/southwest Asia. But there is no doubt that a significant amount of domestication invention occurred in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period.   History of Agriculture Timeline Last Glacial Maximum ca 18,000 BCEarly Epipaleolithic 18,000-12,000 BCLate Epipaleolithic 12,000-9,600 BCYounger Dryas 10,800-9,600 BC Early Aceramic Neolithic 9,600-8,000 BCLate Aceramic Neolithic 8,000-6,900 BC The history of agriculture is closely tied to changes in climate, or so it certainly seems from the archaeological and environmental evidence. After the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), what scholars call the last time the glacial ice was at its deepest and extended the farthest from the poles, the northern hemisphere of the planet began a slow warming trend. The glaciers retreated back towards the poles, vast areas opened up to settlement and forested areas began to develop where tundra had been. By the beginning of the Late Epipaleolithic (or Mesolithic), people began to move into the newly open areas northward, and develop larger, more sedentary communities. The large-bodied mammals ​humans had survived on for thousands of years had disappeared, and now the people broadened their resource base, hunting small game such as gazelle, deer, and rabbit. Plant foods became a substantial percentage of the food base, with people gathering seeds from wild stands of wheat and barley, and collecting legumes, acorns, and fruits. About 10,800 BC, an abrupt and brutally cold climate shift called by scholars the Younger Dryas (YD) occurred, and the glaciers returned to Europe, and forested areas shrank or disappeared. The YD lasted for some 1,200 years, during which time people moved south again or survived as best as they could. After the Cold Lifted After the cold lifted, the climate rebounded quickly. People settled into large communities and developed complex social organizations, particularly in the Levant, where the Natufian period was established. The people known as the  Natufian  culture lived in year-round established communities and developed extensive trade systems to facilitate the movement of black basalt for ground stone tools, obsidian for chipped stone tools, and seashells for personal decoration. The earliest structures made of stone were built in the Zagros Mountains, where people collected seeds from wild cereals and captured wild sheep. The PreCeramic Neolithic period saw the gradual intensification of the collecting of wild cereals, and by 8000 BC, fully domesticated versions of einkorn wheat, barley and chickpeas, and sheep, goat, cattle, and pig were in use within the hilly flanks of the Zagros Mountains, and spread outward from there over the next thousand years.   Why Would You Do That? Scholars debate why farming, a labor-intensive way of living compared to hunting and gathering, was chosen. Its risky--dependent on regular growing seasons and on being families being able to adapt to weather changes in one place year round. It could be that the warming weather created a baby boom population surge that needed to be fed; it could be that domesticating animals and plants were seen as a more reliable food source than hunting and gathering could promise. For whatever reason, by 8,000 BC, the die was cast, and humankind had turned towards agriculture. Sources and Further Information History of Plant DomesticationHistory of Animal DomesticationGuide to the Neolithic Cunliffe, Barry. 2008. Europe between the Oceans, 9000 BC-AD 1000. Yale University Press. Cunliffe, Barry. 1998. Prehistoric Europe: an Illustrated History. Oxford University Press

The Violence of The Queen of Spades Essay examples

The Violence of Plath’s Daddy Daddy is probably Plath’s most famous poem. The critic George Steiner has said that, It is a poem by which future generations will seek to know us. He has also called it, the Guernica of modern poetry. The violence of its imagery and tone, the references to concentration camps, torture and fascism certainly evoke Picasso’s most celebrated painting. Plath claimed that in this poem she was adopting the persona of a girl with an Electra complex whose father had been a fascist, but while the poem is not completely autobiographical, it contains several obvious references to her own life. For example, here she refers to the picture of her father: You stand at the blackboard, daddy, In the†¦show more content†¦In Colossus the dead father was tended as an idol but in Daddy he is metaphorically killed. Plath no longer seems possessed by the desperate need for security and protection which permeated the earlier poem. A comparison of the poems’ endings illustrate this point. Colossus ends on a note of empty despair, and we have the sense of the persona standing bereft and helpless before the memory of the dead: My hours are married to a shadow No longer do I listen for the scrape of a keel On the blank stones of the landing. In Daddy however, we have the sense of the persona in a triumphant, almost exalted state. This is reflected in the language which is no longer the traditional, restrained, poetic diction of the earlier poem but unstrained, slangy and free: Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I’m through. In Colossus Plath remains in the classic, passive role of the female who mourns the dying god and sacrifices to the idol. She is still prostrating herself on the altar of masculinity and performing a traditional, feminine role. In Daddy, she breaks completely free from the victim position and from the power and influence of men. She appreciates what a victim she has been by referring to herself as a Jew, butShow MoreRelatedThe Irish Poetry and Postcolonialism2255 Words   |  10 Pages An example is his poem entitled Digging in which he talks about his past which is related to the past of Ireland. The beginning of the poem is a little bit violent, when the poet declares his powerful with the stanza snug as a gun, but this violence changes at the end the poem when author says: Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests Ill dig with it What the poet means it is that his weaponRead MoreThe Irish Poetry and Postcolonialism2261 Words   |  10 Pages An example is his poem entitled Digging in which he talks about his past which is related to the past of Ireland. 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Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction Free Essays

|| || Data Tables: Step 3: Show the calculation of the needed amount of Na2CO3 Convert 1. 0g of CaCl2-. 2H2O to moles of CaCl2-. We will write a custom essay sample on Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2H2O 1. 0g x 1 mole CaCl2-. 2H2O 147. 0 g CaCl2-. 2H2O = 0. 00680 moles CaCl2-. 2H2O The mole ratio is 1:1 Hence if we have 0. 00680 moles of CaCl2-. 2H2O we will as well need 0. 00680 moles of Na-2CO3 Convert moles of Na-2CO3 to grams of Na2CO3 = 0. 00680 moles Na-2CO3 x 105. 99g Na-2CO3 1 mole Na-2CO3 = 0. 72g This means that we need 0. 72g of Na-2CO3 to fully react with 1g of CaCl2-. H2O Step 4: Mass of weighing dish_0. 7___g Mass of weighing dish and Na2CO3__1. 4__g Net mass of the Na2CO3 __0. 7__g Step 6: Mass of filter paper __0. 7__g Step 10: Mass of filter paper and dry calcium carbonate__1. 2__g Net mass of the dry calcium carbonate_0. 5___g (This is the actual yield) Step 11: Show the calculation of the theoretical yield of calcium carbonate. The mole ration between CaCl2-. 2H2O and CaCO3 is 1:1 that means that if we have 0. 00680 moles of CaCl2-. 2H2O we will get 0. 00680 moles CaCO3 Convert the moles of CaCO3 to grams of CaCO3 = 0. 00680 moles CaCO3 x 100 g CaCO3 1 mole CaCO3 = 0. 68g CaCO3 Show the calculation of the percent yield. = Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100 = 0. 5/0. 68 x 100 = 73. 5% Conclusion: The objective of the experiment is to predict the amount of product produced in a precipitation reaction using stoichiometry. Secondly, the experiment accurately measures the reactants and products of a reaction. Also, the experiment is to determine actual yield vs. theoretical yield and to calculate the percent yield. For example in this experiment, we were able to predict that we need 0. 72g of Na-2CO3 to fully react with 1g of CaCl2-. 2H2O. Another example is that, we calculate the amount of theoretical yield of Calcium Carbonate to be 0. 68g and the percentage yield to be 73. 5%. The scientific principles involved here was that when two or more soluble substances in separate solutions are mixed together to form an insoluble compound they settles of a combined solution as a solid. The solid insoluble compound is called a precipitate. For example in this experiment, we combined sodium carbonate and calcium chloride dehydrates to produce a precipitate of calcium carbonate. The formula mathematically is Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2. 2H2– = CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O. Sources of Error and ways to minimize them: There may still be some solid particles in the beaker thereby we will not be able to get the correct mass (quantity) of the Calcium Carbonate. To minimize the error we should use an instrument that can be able to scoop out the entire solid from the beaker. Also if the water in the Calcium Carbonate is not properly dried, the net mass of the Calcium Carbonate can be extremely high. To solve this we must make sure the Calcium Carbonate is well dried. Error of approximation: the molar mass if not well approximated, can lead to an error in the calculation. To minimize this error the instruction should indicate how many decimal point or how significant figure to approximate to. I am highly impressed with the experiment. How to cite Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction, Essay examples